Actaea racemosa

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens only. View county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county.

Browse Photos

Family:	Ranunculaceae
Species:	Actaea racemosa L.
Common Name:	black cohosh, black snakeroot, bugbane
Habitat:	Mesic to dry-mesic hardwood forests and forest edges, vegetated roadsides and paths often in calcareous soils.
Associated Ecological Communities:	**
Growth Habit:	Forb/herb
Duration:	Perennial
Category:	Vascular
Plant Notes:	**
Taxonomic Notes:	**
Status:	Native, S4 (State Rank), CoC: 7
References:	**

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Supraordinal	Eudicots
Order	Ranunculales
Family	Ranunculaceae
Genus	Actaea
Species	Actaea racemosa L. - black cohosh, black snakeroot, bugbane

Citation

Citation	Actaea racemosa L.
Basionym:	**
Type:	**

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Year	Herbaria	Notes	Submission Info
Bronx		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Bronx	1904	BKL – BKL00061011 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Bronx	1966	BKL – BKL00061033 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Bronx	1994	BKL – BKL00061018 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Broome		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Cattaraugus		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Cattaraugus	1933	BUF – 83160 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	J. Dorst s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Cattaraugus	1955	BUF – 55071 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	S. Eaton 1318	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Cattaraugus	1922	BUF – 93995 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	F. Johnson 445	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Chautauqua	1993	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Chautauqua		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Chemung		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Chemung	1879	BUF – 98156 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	T. Lucy s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Chemung	1893	BUF – 98154 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	T. Lucy s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Chenango		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Columbia		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Dutchess		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Dutchess	1989	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Erie		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Erie	1942	BUF – 94001 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	C. Awald s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Erie	1863	BUF – 63233 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	D. Day s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Erie	1885	BUF – 63227 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	M. Schlegel s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Erie	1942	BUF – 93998 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	H. Stadlinger s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Erie	1938	BUF – 94000 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	M. James s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Erie	1930	BUF – 93996 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	C. Zenkert s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Erie	1930	BUF – 93997 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	C. Zenkert s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Fulton		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Genesee	1989	BUF – 63805 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	A. Schotz 295	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Kings	1872	BKL – BKL00061010 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Livingston		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Livingston	1926	BUF – 93993 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	C. Zenkert s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Livingston	1983	BUF – 94002 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	N. Zika s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Monroe	1972	BUF – 93990 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	C. Thomas s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Monroe		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Nassau		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
New York		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Onondaga		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Ontario		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Ontario	2010	FLH Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa		3/13/2022 - FLH (Bruce Gilman)
Orange	1986	BKL – BKL00061017 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Orange	1990	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Orange		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Putnam		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Queens	1912	BKL – BKL00061021 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Queens	1909	BKL – BKL00061029 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens		BKL – BKL00061031 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens	1886	BKL – BKL00061030 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens	2000	BKL – BKL00061019 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens	1912	BKL – BKL00061022 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens	1928	BKL – BKL00061032 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond	1890	BKL – BKL00061025 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond	1888	BKL – BKL00061013 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond	1890	BKL – BKL00061014 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Rockland	1990	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Rockland		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Rockland	1895	BKL – BKL00061027 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Rockland	1895	BKL – BKL00061028 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Rockland	1886	BKL – BKL00061023 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Rockland	1886	BKL – BKL00061016 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Rockland	1883	BKL – BKL00061015 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Schuyler	1927	BH Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	Werier (2017) voucher!; W.C. Muenscher 16961	3/6/2018 - David Werier
Schuyler		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Steuben	1900	CONN Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Suffolk		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Suffolk	1914	BKL – BKL00061020 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Tioga	1978	BING Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa		1/18/2020 - BING (Julian Shepherd)
Tioga		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Tompkins		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Ulster		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Westchester		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Westchester	1904	BKL – BKL00061024 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Westchester		BKL – BKL00061012 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Westchester	2011	BKL – BKL00100756 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Westchester	1893	BKL – BKL00061026 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Westchester	1890	BKL – BKL00061034 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Westchester	1887	BKL – BKL00099207 Herbarium Name Used: Cimicifuga racemosa		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Westchester	1894	BUF – 63232 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	M. Wright s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Wyoming		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa
Wyoming	1886	BUF – 63230 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	E. Porter s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Wyoming	1879	BUF – 63228 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	W. Harding s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Wyoming	1879	BUF – 63231 Herbarium Name Used: Actaea racemosa	W. Harding s.n.	12/26/2022 - BUF (Ed Fuchs)
Yates		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Cimicifuga racemosa

Synonyms

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type	Notes
Cimicifuga racemosa	Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Cimicifuga racemosa var. dissecta	Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. var. dissecta A. Gray

Listed Status: New York

Listed Status:	(New York): Rare plants are protected under New York State Environmental Conservation Law section 9-1503. Part (f) which reads as follows: "It is a violation for any person, anywhere in the state to pick, pluck, sever, remove, damage by the application of herbicides or defoliants, or carry away, without the consent of the owner, any protected plant. Each protected plant so picked, plucked, severed, removed, damaged or carried away shall constitute a separate violation." At this time, the Atlas only identifies those species listed as threatened or endangered.
Endangered: 5 or fewer extant sites, or fewer than 1,000 individuals, or restricted to fewer than 4 U.S.G.S. 7 1/2 minute topographical maps, or species listed as endangered by the U. S. Department of Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations 50 CFR 17.11.
Threatened: 6 to fewer than 20 extant sites, or 1,000 to fewer than 3,000 individuals, or restricted to not less than 4 or more than 7 U.S.G.S. 7 1/2 minute topographical maps, or listed as threatened by the U. S. Department of the Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations 50 CFR 17.11.
Rare: 20 to 35 extant sites, or 3,000 to 5,000 individuals statewide.
Exploitably vulnerable:	species which are likely to become threatened in the near future throughout all or a significant portion of their range within the state if causal factors continue unchecked.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

EPPC: Exotic Pest Plant Council

EPPC:

Source - Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's 2007 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List (NCNE and EMP Regions)

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2020. National Wetland Plant List, version 3.5 https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/nwpl_static/v34/home/home.html U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.

Indicator status rating definitions according to Lichvar et al. 2012.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland Plants - almost always occur in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland Plants - usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative Plants - occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.
FACU:	Facultative Upland Plants - usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.
UPL:	Upland Plants - almost always occur in uplands.

Wetland indicator status ratings are provided for each of the two regions that exist in NY, the Northcentral and Northeast Region (NCNE) and the Eastern Mountains and Piedmont Region (EMP). See the Atlas guide for further details.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List (NCNE and EMP Regions)

Indicator status rating definitions according to Lichvar et al. 2012.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland Plants - almost always occur in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland Plants - usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative Plants - occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.
FACU:	Facultative Upland Plants - usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.
UPL:	Upland Plants - almost always occur in uplands.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in New York State.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in New York State.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in New York State.
S4 - Apparently secure in New York State.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in New York State.
SE - State exotic or non-native
SH - Historically known from New York State, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked
SX - Apparently extirpated from New York State.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically Imperiled — At very high risk of extinction or elimination due to very restricted range, very few populations or occurrences, very steep declines, very severe threats, or other factors.
G2 - Imperiled — At high risk of extinction or elimination due to restricted range, few populations or occurrences, steep declines, severe threats, or other factors.
G3 - Vulnerable — At moderate risk of extinction or elimination due to a fairly restricted range, relatively few populations or occurrences, recent and widespread declines, threats, or other factors.
G4 - Apparently Secure — At fairly low risk of extinction or elimination due to an extensive range and/or many populations or occurrences, but with possible cause for some concern as a result of local recent declines, threats, or other factors.
G5 - Secure — At very low risk of extinction or elimination due to a very extensive range, abundant populations or occurrences, and little to no concern from declines or threats.
GH - Possibly Extinct — Known from only historical occurrences but still some hope of rediscovery. Examples of evidence include (1) that a species has not been documented in approximately 20-40 years despite some searching and/or some evidence of significant habitat loss or degradation; (2) that a species has been searched for unsuccessfully, but not thoroughly enough to presume that it is extinct or eliminated throughout its range.
GNA - Not Applicable — A conservation status rank is not applicable because the species is not a suitable target for conservation activities. A global conservation status rank may be not applicable for several reasons, related to its relevance as a conservation target. Typically the species is a hybrid without conservation value, or of domestic origin.
GNR - Global rank not yet assessed.
GX - Presumed Extinct — Not located despite intensive searches and virtually no likelihood of rediscovery.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will be found within each of the selected counties.

Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: David Werier or Kyle Webster

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org sites

Citation Information:

Werier, David, Kyle Webster, Troy Weldy, Andrew Nelson, Richard Mitchell†, and Robert Ingalls†. 2023 New York Flora Atlas. [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (original application development), USF Water Institute. University of South Florida]. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Search Help

Select the criterion by which you wish to search (Scientific name, Genus, Family, etc.) and enter that information into the provided field.

Hint: Correct spelling is necessary for desired results, but because this function is a string search the full name need not be entered. Any correct part of a taxon name can be entered and a choice of the correct one made from the small list of resulting matches.

For example, matching the full name exactly in a Scientific Name search for Piptochaetium avenacioides may be difficult, but strings of either tium aven or avenaci or m avenac or pipto will all result in very small lists of matches. The intended name can then be chosen from any of those lists. Usually, the last letter (or two) of a given genus, a space, and the first few correct letters of the specific epithet will provide a sufficiently short list containing the desired taxon.

A similar example in a Common Name search is Virginia snakeroot. Searching using "snake root" will yield no results due to the extra space, but searching "snake" will generate a short list of plants with the word "snake" in the common name. Furthermore, a search of "Virginia snake" or even "nia snak" yields one result: Virginia snakeroot.

If, after following the above advice, then difficulties are still encountered please use the "browse" feature.

Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/) recognized herbaria are represented on this map.

Actaea racemosa

Related Links

Classification

Citation

Source

Synonyms