Oenothera perennis

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens only. View county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county.

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Family:	Onagraceae
Species:	Oenothera perennis L.
Common Name:	small sundrops
Habitat:	Fields, edges of forests, and roadsides mostly in thin soils.
Associated Ecological Communities:	**
Growth Habit:	Forb/herb
Duration:	Perennial
Category:	Vascular
Plant Notes:	**
Taxonomic Notes:	**
Status:	Native, FAC (NCNE), FAC (EMP), S5 (State Rank), G5 (Global Rank), CoC: 2
References:	**

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Supraordinal	Eudicots
Order	Myrtales
Family	Onagraceae
Genus	Oenothera
Species	Oenothera perennis L. - small sundrops

Citation

Citation	Oenothera perennis L.
Basionym:	**
Type:	**

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Year	Herbaria	Notes	Submission Info
Albany		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Allegany		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Bronx		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Bronx	1994	BKL – BKL00038626 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Bronx	1994	BKL – BKL00038625 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Broome	2005	BING Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		1/18/2020 - BING (Julian Shepherd)
Broome	2006	BING Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		1/18/2020 - BING (Julian Shepherd)
Cattaraugus		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Cayuga	1916	BH Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis	Werier (2017) voucher!; K.M. Wiegand 6927	3/6/2018 - David Werier
Chautauqua	1994	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Chautauqua	1991	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Chemung		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Chenango		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Columbia		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Cortland		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Delaware		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Dutchess	1987	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Dutchess		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Essex		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Fulton		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Greene	1932	BKL – BKL00066700 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Greene	1976	BKL – BKL00066699 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Hamilton		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Herkimer	1904	BKL – BKL00067386 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Herkimer		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Jefferson	1987	FLH Herbarium Name Used: Oneothera perennis		3/13/2022 - FLH (Bruce Gilman)
Jefferson	1994	FLH Herbarium Name Used: Oneothera perennis		3/13/2022 - FLH (Bruce Gilman)
Kings	1890	BKL – BKL00038633 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Lewis	1992	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Lewis		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Livingston		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Madison		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Monroe		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Montgomery	2005	FMCC Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis	Town of Amsterdam	8/30/2009 - Connie Tedesco
Montgomery	2005	NYS Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis	Town of Amsterdam	8/30/2009 - Connie Tedesco
Nassau		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Oneida		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Oneida	1900	BKL – BKL00066701 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Onondaga		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Orange	1990	BKL – BKL00038607 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Orange	1990	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Orange	1994	BKL – BKL00038624 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Orange	2008	BKL – BKL00089962 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Orange	1990	BKL – BKL00038608 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Oswego	1970	RCFS – accession # 10537 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		11/17/2009 - RCFS (Andy Nelson)
Oswego		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Otsego	2005	SUCO Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis	Town of Burlington
Rensselaer		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Rensselaer	1999	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Rensselaer	1997	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Richmond	1897	BKL – BKL00038631 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Rockland	1990	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Saratoga	1885	BKL – BKL00067396 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Saratoga		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Schenectady	1946	NYS Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis	collector: T. Baim	3/28/2025 - Steve Young
Schenectady	1948	NYS Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis	collector: T. Baim	3/28/2025 - Steve Young
Schoharie	1883	BKL – BKL00067384 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
St. Lawrence	1916	BKL – BKL00066702 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
St. Lawrence		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
St. Lawrence	1987	NYS Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Steuben	1890	BKL – BKL00067387 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk	1873	BKL – BKL00038602 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk	1877	BKL – BKL00038603 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk	1935	BKL – BKL00038605 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk	1921	BKL – BKL00038606 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk	1877	BKL – BKL00038622 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk	1904	BKL – BKL00038604 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk	1986	OBPF – Log_num: 7308 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Suffolk		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Tioga	1978	BING Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		1/18/2020 - BING (Julian Shepherd)
Ulster		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Warren		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Washington	1914	BKL – BKL00066698 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Washington	1934	BKL – BKL00067401 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Washington		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis
Washington	1887	BKL – BKL00067388 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Westchester	1887	BKL – BKL00099694 Herbarium Name Used: Oenothera perennis		2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Wyoming		NYFA_1990 Herbarium Name Used: none Oenothera perennis

Synonyms

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type	Notes
Kneiffia perennis	Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell
Oenothera perennis var. rectipilis	Oenothera perennis L. var. rectipilis (S.F. Blake) S.F. Blake

Listed Status: New York

Listed Status:	(New York): Rare plants are protected under New York State Environmental Conservation Law section 9-1503. Part (f) which reads as follows: "It is a violation for any person, anywhere in the state to pick, pluck, sever, remove, damage by the application of herbicides or defoliants, or carry away, without the consent of the owner, any protected plant. Each protected plant so picked, plucked, severed, removed, damaged or carried away shall constitute a separate violation." At this time, the Atlas only identifies those species listed as threatened or endangered.
Endangered: 5 or fewer extant sites, or fewer than 1,000 individuals, or restricted to fewer than 4 U.S.G.S. 7 1/2 minute topographical maps, or species listed as endangered by the U. S. Department of Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations 50 CFR 17.11.
Threatened: 6 to fewer than 20 extant sites, or 1,000 to fewer than 3,000 individuals, or restricted to not less than 4 or more than 7 U.S.G.S. 7 1/2 minute topographical maps, or listed as threatened by the U. S. Department of the Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations 50 CFR 17.11.
Rare: 20 to 35 extant sites, or 3,000 to 5,000 individuals statewide.
Exploitably vulnerable:	species which are likely to become threatened in the near future throughout all or a significant portion of their range within the state if causal factors continue unchecked.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

EPPC: Exotic Pest Plant Council

EPPC:

Source - Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's 2007 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List (NCNE and EMP Regions)

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2020. National Wetland Plant List, version 3.5 https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/nwpl_static/v34/home/home.html U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.

Indicator status rating definitions according to Lichvar et al. 2012.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland Plants - almost always occur in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland Plants - usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative Plants - occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.
FACU:	Facultative Upland Plants - usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.
UPL:	Upland Plants - almost always occur in uplands.

Wetland indicator status ratings are provided for each of the two regions that exist in NY, the Northcentral and Northeast Region (NCNE) and the Eastern Mountains and Piedmont Region (EMP). See the Atlas guide for further details.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List (NCNE and EMP Regions)

Indicator status rating definitions according to Lichvar et al. 2012.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland Plants - almost always occur in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland Plants - usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative Plants - occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.
FACU:	Facultative Upland Plants - usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.
UPL:	Upland Plants - almost always occur in uplands.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in New York State.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in New York State.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in New York State.
S4 - Apparently secure in New York State.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in New York State.
SE - State exotic or non-native
SH - Historically known from New York State, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked
SX - Apparently extirpated from New York State.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically Imperiled — At very high risk of extinction or elimination due to very restricted range, very few populations or occurrences, very steep declines, very severe threats, or other factors.
G2 - Imperiled — At high risk of extinction or elimination due to restricted range, few populations or occurrences, steep declines, severe threats, or other factors.
G3 - Vulnerable — At moderate risk of extinction or elimination due to a fairly restricted range, relatively few populations or occurrences, recent and widespread declines, threats, or other factors.
G4 - Apparently Secure — At fairly low risk of extinction or elimination due to an extensive range and/or many populations or occurrences, but with possible cause for some concern as a result of local recent declines, threats, or other factors.
G5 - Secure — At very low risk of extinction or elimination due to a very extensive range, abundant populations or occurrences, and little to no concern from declines or threats.
GH - Possibly Extinct — Known from only historical occurrences but still some hope of rediscovery. Examples of evidence include (1) that a species has not been documented in approximately 20-40 years despite some searching and/or some evidence of significant habitat loss or degradation; (2) that a species has been searched for unsuccessfully, but not thoroughly enough to presume that it is extinct or eliminated throughout its range.
GNA - Not Applicable — A conservation status rank is not applicable because the species is not a suitable target for conservation activities. A global conservation status rank may be not applicable for several reasons, related to its relevance as a conservation target. Typically the species is a hybrid without conservation value, or of domestic origin.
GNR - Global rank not yet assessed.
GX - Presumed Extinct — Not located despite intensive searches and virtually no likelihood of rediscovery.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will be found within each of the selected counties.

Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: David Werier or Kyle Webster

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org sites

Citation Information:

Werier, David, Kyle Webster, Troy Weldy, Andrew Nelson, Richard Mitchell†, and Robert Ingalls†. 2026 New York Flora Atlas. [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (original application development), USF Water Institute. University of South Florida]. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/) recognized herbaria are represented on this map.

Oenothera perennis

Related Links

Classification

Citation

Source

Synonyms