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Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata

Family:Santalaceae
Species:Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. umbellata
Common Name:bastard toad flax
Habitat:Thin canopied oak forests, woodlands, and forest edges; utility rights-of-way, pine barrens, successional fields, and thickets. Generally in dry thin soils in open to partly shaded habitat but sometimes in wetter habitats.
Associated Ecological Communities:**
Growth Habit:Herbaceous
Duration:Perennial
Category:Vascular
Plant Notes:**
Taxonomic Notes:**
Status:Native, FACU (NCNE), FACU (EMP), S5 (State Rank), CoC: 7
References:**

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

SupraordinalEudicots
Order Santalales
FamilySantalaceae
Genus Comandra
SpeciesComandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. umbellata - bastard toad flax

Citation

Citation Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. umbellata
Basionym: **
Type: **

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

CountyYearHerbariaNotesSubmission Info
Albany  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Bronx  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Broome2012 BING
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  1/18/2020 - BING (Julian Shepherd)
Broome2006 BING
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  1/18/2020 - BING (Julian Shepherd)
Cattaraugus  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Chautauqua  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Chemung  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Chemung1982 BH
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
Werier (2017) voucher!; R. Dirig & F.R. Wesley 1678 3/6/2018 - David Werier
Clinton  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Columbia  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Dutchess  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Dutchess1996 BKL – BKL00007125
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Erie  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Essex  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Genesee  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Jefferson  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Jefferson1994 RCFS – accession # 10102
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  11/17/2009 - RCFS (Andy Nelson)
Kings1890 BKL – BKL00073793
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Livingston  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Monroe  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Nassau  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Nassau1900 BKL – BKL00073778
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Nassau1889 BKL – BKL00073802
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Nassau1905 BKL – BKL00073805
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Nassau1919 BKL – BKL00073780
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Nassau1900 BKL – BKL00073791
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Nassau1897 BKL – BKL00073790
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Nassau1907 BKL – BKL00073784
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Nassau1896 BKL – BKL00073783
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Niagara  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Ontario2010 FLH
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  3/13/2022 - FLH (Bruce Gilman)
Orange  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Otsego2020 SUCO – 004147
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
  11/25/2023 - Connie Tedesco
Queens  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Queens1907 BKL – BKL00073777
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens1897 BKL – BKL00073792
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens1892 BKL – BKL00073794
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens1885 BKL – BKL00073775
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens1890 BKL – BKL00073789
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Queens1891 BKL – BKL00073807
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Rensselaer  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Richmond  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Richmond1887 BKL – BKL00073787
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond1928 BKL – BKL00020092
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond1928 BKL – BKL00023890
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond1946 BKL – BKL00073786
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond2003 BKL – BKL00025768
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond2003 BKL – BKL00024627
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Richmond1889 BKL – BKL00073788
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Rockland  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Saratoga  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Schenectady  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Schuyler  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
St. Lawrence2009 BH
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  10/6/2009 - Anne Johnson
Suffolk1912 BKL – BKL00073782
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Suffolk1966 BKL – BKL00073800
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1928 BKL – BKL00073795
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1968 BKL – BKL00073797
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1884 BKL – BKL00073799
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1909 BKL – BKL00073776
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk2000 BKL – BKL00012297
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1871 BKL – BKL00073806
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1912 BKL – BKL00073803
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1895 BKL – BKL00073801
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1915 BKL – BKL00073804
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1871 BKL – BKL00073796
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1919 BKL – BKL00073779
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Suffolk1912 BKL – BKL00073781
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Tompkins1950 BKL – BKL00073785
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Tompkins  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Ulster  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Warren  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Warren1883 BKL – BKL00073798
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Washington  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Wayne  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Westchester1887 BKL – BKL00099393
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)
Wyoming  NYFA_1990
Herbarium Name Used: none Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata
   
Wyoming1915 BKL – BKL00073816
Herbarium Name Used: Comandra umbellata
  2/8/2012 - BKL (Steve Glenn)

Synonyms

SynonymFull CitationBasionymTypeNotes
Comandra richardsiana Comandra richardsiana Fernald   
Listed Status: New York
Listed Status: (New York): Rare plants are protected under New York State Environmental Conservation Law section 9-1503. Part (f) which reads as follows: "It is a violation for any person, anywhere in the state to pick, pluck, sever, remove, damage by the application of herbicides or defoliants, or carry away, without the consent of the owner, any protected plant. Each protected plant so picked, plucked, severed, removed, damaged or carried away shall constitute a separate violation." At this time, the Atlas only identifies those species listed as threatened or endangered.
Endangered:
  1. 5 or fewer extant sites, or
  2. fewer than 1,000 individuals, or
  3. restricted to fewer than 4 U.S.G.S. 7 1/2 minute topographical maps, or
  4. species listed as endangered by the U. S. Department of Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations 50 CFR 17.11.
Threatened:
  1. 6 to fewer than 20 extant sites, or
  2. 1,000 to fewer than 3,000 individuals, or
  3. restricted to not less than 4 or more than 7 U.S.G.S. 7 1/2 minute topographical maps, or
  4. listed as threatened by the U. S. Department of the Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations 50 CFR 17.11.
Rare:
  1. 20 to 35 extant sites, or
  2. 3,000 to 5,000 individuals statewide.
Exploitably vulnerable: species which are likely to become threatened in the near future throughout all or a significant portion of their range within the state if causal factors continue unchecked.
 
Listed Status: US
Listed Status: US (U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered: Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened: Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
 
WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD: Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D: Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD: Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T: Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U: Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.
  • ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
  • Yes - Show results with WAP designations
  • No - Show results without WAP designations
 
EPPC: Exotic Pest Plant Council
EPPC:

Source - Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's 2007 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

 
DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL: Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW: Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC: Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.
 
NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL: Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW: Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC: Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU: Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL: Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.
 
NWPL: National Wetland Plant List (NCNE and EMP Regions)

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2020. National Wetland Plant List, version 3.5 https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/nwpl_static/v34/home/home.html U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.

Indicator status rating definitions according to Lichvar et al. 2012.

OBL: Obligate Wetland Plants - almost always occur in wetlands.
FACW: Facultative Wetland Plants - usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands.
FAC: Facultative Plants - occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.
FACU: Facultative Upland Plants - usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.
UPL: Upland Plants - almost always occur in uplands.

Wetland indicator status ratings are provided for each of the two regions that exist in NY, the Northcentral and Northeast Region (NCNE) and the Eastern Mountains and Piedmont Region (EMP). See the Atlas guide for further details.

 
NWPL: National Wetland Plant List (NCNE and EMP Regions)

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2020. National Wetland Plant List, version 3.5 https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/nwpl_static/v34/home/home.html U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.

Indicator status rating definitions according to Lichvar et al. 2012.

OBL: Obligate Wetland Plants - almost always occur in wetlands.
FACW: Facultative Wetland Plants - usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands.
FAC: Facultative Plants - occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.
FACU: Facultative Upland Plants - usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.
UPL: Upland Plants - almost always occur in uplands.

Wetland indicator status ratings are provided for each of the two regions that exist in NY, the Northcentral and Northeast Region (NCNE) and the Eastern Mountains and Piedmont Region (EMP). See the Atlas guide for further details.

 
Category
Vascular: Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte: A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen: The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

 
State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

  • S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in New York State.
  • S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in New York State.
  • S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in New York State.
  • S4 - Apparently secure in New York State.
  • S5 - Demonstrably secure in New York State.
  • SE - State exotic or non-native
  • SH - Historically known from New York State, but not seen in the past 15 years.
  • SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
  • SNR - Not yet ranked
  • SX - Apparently extirpated from New York State.
 
Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

  • G1 - Critically Imperiled — At very high risk of extinction or elimination due to very restricted range, very few populations or occurrences, very steep declines, very severe threats, or other factors.
  • G2 - Imperiled — At high risk of extinction or elimination due to restricted range, few populations or occurrences, steep declines, severe threats, or other factors.
  • G3 - Vulnerable — At moderate risk of extinction or elimination due to a fairly restricted range, relatively few populations or occurrences, recent and widespread declines, threats, or other factors.
  • G4 - Apparently Secure — At fairly low risk of extinction or elimination due to an extensive range and/or many populations or occurrences, but with possible cause for some concern as a result of local recent declines, threats, or other factors.
  • G5 - Secure — At very low risk of extinction or elimination due to a very extensive range, abundant populations or occurrences, and little to no concern from declines or threats.
  • GH - Possibly Extinct — Known from only historical occurrences but still some hope of rediscovery.  Examples of evidence include (1) that a species has not been documented in approximately 20-40 years despite some searching and/or some evidence of significant habitat loss or degradation; (2) that a species has been searched for unsuccessfully, but not thoroughly enough to presume that it is extinct or eliminated throughout its range.
  • GNA - Not Applicable — A conservation status rank is not applicable because the species is not a suitable target for conservation activities. A global conservation status rank may be not applicable for several reasons, related to its relevance as a conservation target. Typically the species is a hybrid without conservation value, or of domestic origin.
  • GNR - Global rank not yet assessed.
  • GX - Presumed Extinct — Not located despite intensive searches and virtually no likelihood of rediscovery.
 
Associated Ecological Communities
 
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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/) recognized herbaria are represented on this map.